Thiscourse starts with introduction of relevant historical sources. It focuses on internal military conflicts and intervention of foreign powers; doctrinal controversy and the Zemene Mesafint (Era of the warlords); social and economic scene of the region; socio-political developments among the societies and states in the Eastern, Central, Southern and Western parts of Ethiopia and the Horn in the late medieval period. It also introduces the rise of Emperor Tewodros II. The course introduces pertinent historical sources and provides introductory remarks. This course dwells on internal power struggle; social, economic cultural and political developments: achievements and challenges. It also treats the external challenges of the period. Moreover, the course mainly focuses on the Italo-Ethiopian war; Italian occupation; patriotic movements.