Upon completing this module, students will understand the principles of deep foundations, including piles, piers, and piled raft foundations, and their roles in load transfer to stable soil or rock. They will learn to differentiate between various types of piles and piers and recognize the benefits of combined foundation systems. Students will also grasp the concepts of cofferdams and caissons, including their construction and application in managing water during foundation work. Furthermore, they will gain insights into the behavior of expansive soils and the necessary design considerations for effective foundation solutions. Finally, students will explore the environmental issues related to geotechnical engineering, including soil contamination, erosion, sustainability practices, and the importance of conducting thorough impact assessments to minimize ecological impacts.